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Magdalenian layer 6 has been detected also in the centre of the cave. The Gravettian nds have been con-

centrated only in the sectors J and G1. Micoquian layers that have been expected to be datable (layers 7a +

7a1 and 6a+6b) are spread out over all sectors of the Kůlna Cave but the density of nds differs. We take

into account also nds from layers 7c (7c+7α) mostly distributed in the entrance and in the sector E (on the

left part of the cave).

The second most important rule of the sample selection was the relation of samples to human activity

(Davies - Nerudová 2009). For absolute dating we chose 45 samples from animal bones with traces of the

human impact (cut marks, scraping etc.): 15 samples from both Micoquian layers 6a and 7a (30 altogether),

2 samples from Epimagdalenian layer 3, 3 samples from Epimagdalenian layer 4, 4 samples from Magdale-

nian layer 5, 3 samples from Magdalenian layer 6 and 3 samples from Gravettian layer. Layer 7c+7α could

be out of radiocarbon range and therefore we would take only 2 samples from this layer.

The obtained dataset should be analysed very carefully because their quality differs in individual layers or

chronostratigraphic complexes. Data for Epimagdalenian and Magdalenian occupation t relatively well into

the previous chronostratigraphic position. The important problem relates to the dating of Gravettian oc-

cupation because data vary signicantly. Mapping these samples to the plan of the Kůlna Cave shows all of

them are situated in the sectors G1 and J where the post-depositional drop of sediments was documented.

There is also documented the disturbing of the in situ sequence by older excavations there.

A comparison of Micoquian data is complicated by the low content of the collagen and therefore all data

should be older then taken value. Regardless of this problem we can postulate the Micoquian occupation of

the Kůlna Cave is not younger than 45 kyr uncal BP with certainty.

The post-depositional processes noted by dating were observed also by L. Lisá from the Institute of Geol-

ogy of ASCR, v. v. i. in Prague who has made facial and micromorphological analyses of the sedimentho-

logical record in the entrance of the Kůlna Cave with special focus on the layers 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d (Mico-

quian sequence) where the MIS 4 period was previously correlated with sterile horizon 7b. Preliminary

results indicate the polygenetic processes of the sedimentation that contain both deposition of new sedi-

ments and redeposition of older ones accumulated in front of the entrance of the cave. Together with dat-

ing of layer 7c she proposes to revise the the position of MIS 4 in this cave.

Another method that will help us to reconstruct palaeoenvironment of the lower Vistula Glaciation in the

Kůlna Cave is analysis of seasonality and migrations, based on thin sections of animal teeth (or bones eventu-

ally). We took 17 samples in total with special focus on the Micoquian layers 6a and 7a. The preliminary results

show the cave served in separate periods for the different activities: as the seasonal refuge (layer 5 – spring,

layer 6a + 6b on spring and autumn) or as winter base camp (layers 7a and 7c). Analyses of animals migrations

on the basis by ration of carbon isotopes (

C), nitrogen (

N), strontium (

Sr/

Sr) show the animals

originated from neighborhood of the cave and it means migration of hunted animals was rather limited.

Acknowledgment:

The project is supported by Czech Science Foundation (P405/11/0406).

References:

Davies, W., Nerudová, Z. 2009: Moravský Krumlov Iv – Its Chronological Place In A Wider Area. In: P. P.

Neruda – Z. Nerudová (eds.): Moravský Krumlov IV. Vícevrstevná lokalita ze středního a počátku

mladého paleolitu na Moravě. Anthropos Vol. 29, (N.S. 21.), 84-90. Brno.

Nejman L. – Rhodes E. – Škrdla P. – Tostevin G. – Neruda P. – Nerudová Z. – Valoch K. – Oliva M. – Ka-

minská L. – Svoboda J. A. – Grün R. 2011: The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Transition in the

Czech Republic and Slovakia: preliminary optically simulated luminiscence chronology.Archaeom-

etry, Vol. 53, Issue 5, 1044-1066.

Neruda, P. – Lázničková-Galetová, M. – Dreslerová, G. 2011: Retušéry a kosti s rýhami z jeskyně Kůlny v

Moravském krasu. Interdisciplinární analýza tvrdých živočišných tkání ze středopaleolitických

horizontů. (Retouchers and Bones with Grooves from the Kůlna Cave in the Moravian Karst. Inter-

disciplinary Analysis of Hard Animal Materials). Anthropos (Studies in Anthropology, Palaeoethnol-

ogy, Palaeontology and Quaternary Geology), Vol. 33, N.S. 25. Moravské zemské muzeum, Brno.

Petr Neruda – Zdeňka Nerudová in pres: The Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in Moravia in the con-

text of the Middle Danube region. Quaternary International, Available online 27 August 2011, ISSN

1040-6182, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.035.

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